Journal: Frontiers in Pharmacology

Article Title: Iso-α-Acids, Bitter Components in Beer, Suppress Inflammatory Responses and Attenuate Neural Hyperactivation in the Hippocampus

doi: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00081

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of iso-α-acids on 5 × FAD Alzheimer’s disease model mice after disease onset. (A,C) , 5 × FAD mice were orally administered with 0 or 1 mg/kg iso-α-acids for 7 days, and the levels of TNF-α (A) , MIP-1α (B) and IL-12p40 (C) in the hippocampus was measured, respectively. (D,E) The levels of TBS soluble (D) or TBS insoluble and TBS-T soluble (E) Aβ 1-42 in the hippocampus, respectively. (F,G) On days 6 and 7 of administration, 5 × FAD mice were subjected to the novel object recognition test. The time spent exploring novel and familiar objects during 5 min of re-exploration was measured (F) . The discrimination index = [time spent with object A – time spent with object B]/[total time exploring both objects] is shown (G) . Data are mean ± SE of 10 mice (wild type mice) and 8 mice (5 × FAD mice per group). p -Values were calculated by Student’s t -test (D–G) and one-way ANOVA followed by the Tukey–Kramer test (A–C) . ∗ p < 0.05 and ∗∗ p < 0.01.

Article Snippet: After the test, the hippocampus and cerebral cortex were removed and homogenized in TBS buffer containing a protease inhibitor cocktail (BioVision, CA, United States).

Techniques:

Journal: Frontiers in Pharmacology

Article Title: Iso-α-Acids, Bitter Components in Beer, Suppress Inflammatory Responses and Attenuate Neural Hyperactivation in the Hippocampus

doi: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00081

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of iso-α-acids on J20 Alzheimer’s disease model mice. (A,B) J20 mice were orally administered with 0 or 1 mg/kg iso-α-acids for 7 days. The levels of MIP-1α (A) and TBS soluble Aβ 1-42 in the hippocampus was measured, respectively. (C) Coronal brain sections from wild type mice (left), J20 mice without iso-α-acids (middle), and J20 mice treated with iso-α-acids (right), all of which were 12 months old. Relative MRI signal intensities, after normalization to the mean signal intensity in the whole brain, are depicted (see color spectrum scale bar). (D) Coronal brain sections showing the differences of signal intensities J20 mice between wild type mice and J20 mice without iso-α-acids (left), and between wild type mice and J20 mice with iso-α-acids (right). (E) Normal intensities of hippocampus data are mean ± SE of seven mice (wild type mice), eight mice [IAA(–) J20 mice], and five mice [IAA(+) J20 mice]. p -Values shown in the graph were calculated by Student’s t -test (B) and one-way ANOVA followed by the Tukey–Kramer test (A,E) . ∗ p < 0.05 and ∗∗ p < 0.01.

Article Snippet: After the test, the hippocampus and cerebral cortex were removed and homogenized in TBS buffer containing a protease inhibitor cocktail (BioVision, CA, United States).

Techniques: